Here, we use modelling and literature assessment to quantify safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for climate, the biosphere, water and nutrient cycles, and aerosols at global and subglobal scales. The stability and resilience of the Earth system and human well-being are inseparably linked 1, 2, 3, yet their interdependencies are generally under-recognized consequently, they are often treated independently 4, 5.